Major Political Problems in Nepal

1. Chronic Political Instability

  • Frequent government changes: 9 different governments since 2008
  • Short-lived coalitions: Average government lasts <18 months
  • Power struggles: Between presidential and prime ministerial roles
  • Example: 2021-2023 saw 4 different prime ministers

2. Ineffective Federalism Implementation

  • Unclear division: Ongoing disputes between federal/provincial/local powers
  • Resource allocation: Provinces lack adequate funding and authority
  • Bureaucratic duplication: Three layers of government creating inefficiencies
  • Public confusion: Citizens unclear which level handles specific services

3. Transitional Justice Stalemate

  • Unresolved civil war cases: Over 17,000 deaths (1996-2006) remain unaddressed
  • Delayed commissions: Truth and Reconciliation Commission ineffective since 2015
  • Victim dissatisfaction: Perceived impunity for perpetrators
  • International pressure: UN and human rights groups demand accountability

4. Corruption and Governance Issues

  • CPI score: Ranked 108/180 in Corruption Perceptions Index (2023)
  • Notable scandals: Widebody aircraft purchase, COVID fund misappropriation
  • Political appointments: Widespread nepotism in bureaucracy
  • Service delivery: Poor public service despite adequate laws

5. Geopolitical Balancing Act

  • India-China rivalry: Pressure from both neighbors on infrastructure projects
  • MCC controversy: US-funded Millennium Challenge Corporation grant debates
  • Border disputes: Kalapani territorial issue with India
  • Dependency: 65% trade with India, growing Chinese investments

6. Economic Mismanagement

  • Growth rate: Averaging <5% since federal transition
  • Youth migration: 1,700+ daily leaving for foreign employment
  • Revenue collection: Only 22% of GDP (2023)
  • Energy paradox: Exporting electricity while facing domestic shortages

Impact & Outlook

  • Development delays: Infrastructure projects frequently stalled
  • Public disillusionment: Declining voter turnout (61% in 2022 vs 78% in 2017)
  • Constitutional review: Growing calls for amendments to address federalism issues
  • Silver lining: Peaceful power transitions despite instability

Recent Development (2024): New coalition government formed under PM Prachanda faces pressure to address corruption and complete federalism implementation.